Search results for "harm reduction"

Cuatro fórmulas de posicionamiento frente a las drogas

2010

Las políticas públicas en materia de drogas se encuentran actualmente en una encrucijada. A través de las siguientes páginas se ofrece una reflexión sobre cuatro tipos de posicionamiento teórico, cuatro formas diferentes de entender cuál es el papel que en este conflicto, deben adoptar los Estados. A modo de tipificación de esas perspectivas posibles, se ofrece una propuesta de clasificación distribuida en cuatro posiciones: - Prohibicionismo ideológico - Prohibicionismo político - Disminución del riesgo y reducción del daño - Negación de riesgos y daños Public policies on drugs are currently in a crossroad. Throughout the following pages four theoretical positions are examined, four differ…

Reduction in tobacco consumption: an emerging topic within the smoking debate

2009

The Strategy of Harm Reduction in Work with People Addicted to Drugs and Alcohol

2016

The policy of EU Member States, the United States, South America and Australia is heading towards the restructuring of the support system for addicts by implementing actions meant to limit the health and social damages resulting from the use of psychoactive substances. Many countries offer access to low-threshold programmes whereby the participant is not forced to maintain abstinence or submit to the excessive rules and obligations of a rehabilitation center. Harm reduction is a philosophy based on pragmatic and realistic goals of working with addicts and users. It assumes that each change, even the smallest, is important and should be supported. Harm reduction programmes usually function i…

Breaking the habit

2018

Internet gaming disorder has been widely recognized as a new health issue. At present, we are experiencing a rapid growth of knowledge on different aspects of this disorder, such as, for instance, prevalence rates, underlying neurobiological mechanisms, and treatment strategies. In contrast, preventing individuals from developing Internet gaming disorder is a matter that has not yet progressed sufficiently. Although we can basically refer to measures and techniques known to be effective in preventing other addictive behaviors, the special demands of preventing Internet gaming disorder remain largely obscured or disregarded. The policy actions identified in the review by Király et al. (2018)…

Replication of the association between CHRNA4 rs1044396 and harm avoidance in a large population-based sample.

2015

Harm avoidance is a personality trait characterized by excessive worrying and fear of uncertainty, which has repeatedly been related to anxiety disorders. Converging lines of research in rodents and humans point towards an involvement of the nicotinic cholinergic system in the modulation of anxiety. Most notably, the rs1044396 polymorphism in the CHRNA4 gene, which codes for the α4 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, has been linked to negative emotionality traits including harm avoidance in a recent study. Against this background, we investigated the association between harm avoidance and the rs1044396 polymorphism using data from N=1673 healthy subjects, which were collected …

Drug Use Control Perception and Strategies in General and Clinical Population in a Spanish City

2021

Background: This article evaluates the perception of drug use control and strategies in Valencia City (Spain) in a general and clinical population, in two independent studies. Material and Methods: 1071 people participated. In the Study 1 (n= 924) the entire sample came from general population (GP), and in the Study 2 (n=147), 68 were drug users being treated in an Addictive Behaviors Unit (ABU), and 79 people of the GP. The drug use control perception and strategies in both subgroups were compared. The participants filled in the Drug Use Strategies Scale and a Drug Use Survey. Results: A high level of perception of drug control in GP was obtained (72,7% in the Study 1 and 67,5% in the Stud…

From political controversy to a technical problem? Fifteen years of opioid substitution treatment in Finland

2013

Abstract Background The aim of the article is to analyze changes in opioid substitution treatments (OST) in Finland. OST spread in Finland in the late 1990s and early 2000s (Phase 1). Since then, OST has become an integrated part of Finnish drug policy and is provided in various substance abuse treatment units as well as in municipal health centers (Phase 2). Methods The paper analyses the policy around the implementation of opioid substitution treatment in Finland, focusing on identifying the key factors and the relations between them that have contributed to the implementation of OST in Finland. Results OST has become accepted in Finland during the past ten years as a crucial element of a…

A meta-analysis of temperament and character dimensions in patients with mood disorders: Comparison to healthy controls and unaffected siblings

2016

Background Cloninger's psychobiological model of personality has been extensively applied to subjects affected by mood disorders (MOOD). However, most studies are widely heterogeneous in terms of sample size, methods of assessment, and selection of participants. Methods We conducted a systematic review of literature and a random effects meta-analysis of studies comparing at least two of the following groups: (a) adults with a primary MOOD diagnosis (Bipolar Disorder (BP) or major depressive disorder (MDD)), (b) their unaffected siblings (SIB) or (c) healthy subjects (HS), and reporting quantitative results from the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) or the Temperament and Charac…

Strategia redukcji szkód w pracy z osobami uzależnionymi od narkotyków i alkoholu

2016

Polityka państw europejskich, Stanów Zjednoczonych, Ameryki Południowej i Australii od kilkunastu lat zmierza w kierunku restrukturyzacji systemu pomocy osobom uzależnionym wdrażając działania, których celem jest ograniczanie szkód zdrowotnych i społecznych wynikających z używania substancji psychoaktywnych. Wiele krajów oferuje dostęp do niskoprogowych programów, czyli takich, w których udział nie nakłada na uczestnika obowiązku utrzymywania abstynencji i stosowania się do wygórowanych zasad i obowiązków placówki odwykowej. Redukcja szkód jest filozofią opartą na pragmatycznych i realistycznych celach pracy z osobami uzależnionymi i użytkownikami. Zakłada, że każda, nawet najmniejsza zmian…

How can hepatitis C be prevented in the long term?

2007

Abstract Significant advances have been made in preventing HIV infection among injectors but we still know little about preventing hepatitis C (HCV). Both prevalence and incidence of hepatitis C can remain high among IDUs even in the context of widespread implementation of harm reduction programmes. We need to develop new ways to fill the knowledge gap regarding HCV prevention. One way is to learn from the experts—those IDUs who, after long-term injection in social milieus of high hepatitis C prevalence, nonetheless remain uninfected. We describe a recently commenced program of research that focuses on understanding the strategies, behaviours, and environmental factors associated with "stay…